Part 1: The Biggest Myth - Cloud & Satellites
Jab hum "Internet" shabd sunte hain, to dimaag mein kya aata hai? Wi-Fi waves? Satellites? Ya phir "The Cloud"?
Humein lagta hai ki jab hum Instagram par photo upload karte hain, to wo hawa mein udkar America jaati hai.
Ye bilkul galat hai.
Asliyat ye hai ki **Internet zameen aur samundar ke neeche hai**. Aapka data 99% time patli fiber-optic cables ke
through travel karta hai, jo insaan ke baal (hair) jitni patli hoti hain.
Part 2: Internet Ki Haddi (The Backbone)
Internet ko chalane ke liye poori duniya mein cables ka jaal bichha hua hai. Is system ko samajhne ke liye humein ISPs (Internet Service Providers) ko 3 levels mein samajhna hoga.
Tier 1, 2, and 3 ISP Structure
Tier 1 ISP (The Owners)
Ye wo companies hain jinhone samundar ke neeche cables bichhayi hain. Ye internet ke "Maalik" hain.
Ex: Tata Communications, AT&T, Verizon.
Ye kisi ko paise nahi dete, ye apna data free mein exchange karte hain.
Tier 2 ISP (Middlemen)
Ye Tier 1 se connection khareedte hain aur Tier 3 ko bechte hain.
Ex: Airtel, Jio (National Level par).
Ye country ke andar cables bichhate hain.
Tier 3 ISP (Local)
Ye aapke ghar tak internet pahunchate hain.
Ex: Tikona, Hathway, Local Cable Wala.
Hum inhein paise dete hain, ye Tier 2 ko dete hain, wo Tier 1 ko dete hain.
Data Travel: India se USA tak ka safar
Maan lo aap Mumbai mein baithe hain aur Facebook (USA) kholte hain. Data kaise travel karega?
- Step 1: Aapka Mobile → WiFi Router.
- Step 2: Router → Aapke Ghar ke bahar wala khamba (Tier 3 ISP).
- Step 3: Tier 3 ISP → Tier 2 ISP (Jio/Airtel) ke Fiber Network tak.
- Step 4: Tier 2 ISP → Mumbai ke Landing Station tak (Jahan samundar ki cable zameen se milti hai).
- Step 5: Mumbai → Submarine Cable → Red Sea → Egypt → Europe → Atlantic Ocean → USA (Tier 1 ISP).
- Step 6: USA Landing Station → Facebook Data Center.
Part 3: Data Packets - Digital Lifafay (Envelopes)
Agar aap ek 1GB ki movie bhejte hain, to wo ek baar mein nahi jaati. Internet us movie ko lakhon chhote tukdon mein tod deta hai. In tukdon ko Packets kehte hain.
A Data Packet: Header + Payload
Har packet alag raste se ja sakta hai. Ho sakta hai Packet 1 Europe hokar jaye aur Packet 2 Japan hokar. Destination par pahunch kar ye wapas jud jate hain.
💻 Tech Corner: Internet Ka Rasta Dekhein
Aap khud dekh sakte hain ki aapka data kin routers aur cities se hokar guzar raha hai. Iske liye hum Traceroute command use karte hain.
Har line ek "Hop" (Stop) hai. Agar beech mein "Request Timed Out" aaye, to iska matlab wahan firewall laga hai jo aapko detect hone se rok raha hai.
Part 4: Security Relation (Khatra Kahan Hai?)
Ab jab aapko infrastructure samajh aa gaya, to aap attacks bhi samajh payenge.
Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)
Kyunki data kayi routers se hokar guzarta hai, agar hacker kisi ek router (e.g., Free WiFi Cafe) par
baitha ho, to wo aapke Packets padh sakta hai.
Solution: HTTPS/VPN (Encryption).
DDoS Attack
Agar hum server par itne Packets bhej dein ki cable jam ho jaye, to website band ho jayegi. Ye digital traffic jam hai.
📝 Final Assessment
Q1: Internet ka backbone (Backbone) kise kaha jata hai?
Q2: Tier 1 ISP kaun hote hain?
Q3: Data ko chhote tukdon mein todne ko kya kehte hain?